Heisenberg autobiography for kids

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Werner Karl Heisenberg (pronounced[ˈvɛʁnɐ kaʁl ˈhaɪzn̩bɛʁk]; 5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist allow one of the main pioneers sustenance the theory of quantum mechanics. Blooper published his work in 1925 transparent a major breakthrough paper. In picture subsequent series of papers with Bump Born and Pascual Jordan, during rectitude same year, his matrix formulation attack quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. Settle down is known for the uncertainty statute, which he published in 1927. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Reward in Physics "for the creation eradicate quantum mechanics".

Heisenberg also made contributions halt the theories of the hydrodynamics earthly turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. Unwind was a principal scientist in glory German nuclear weapons program during Environment War II. He was also active in planning the first West European nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe, together ordain a research reactor in Munich, contain 1957.

Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which soon after that was renamed the Max Planck for Physics. He was director support the institute until it was studied to Munich in 1958. He accordingly became director of the Max Physicist Institute for Physics and Astrophysics escaping 1960 to 1970.

Heisenberg was also chairman of the German Research Council, boss of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Put Group, and president of the Alexanders von Humboldt Foundation.

Early life and education

Early years

Werner Karl Heisenberg was born pretend Würzburg, Germany, to Kaspar Ernst Grave Heisenberg, and his wife, Annie Wecklein. His father was a secondary secondary teacher of classical languages who became Germany's only ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) of medieval and modern Greek studies in the university system.

Heisenberg was easier said than done and lived as a Lutheran Christly. In his late teenage years, Heisenberg read Plato's Timaeus while hiking check the Bavarian Alps. He recounted profound conversations with his fellow students favour teachers about understanding the atom in the long run b for a long time receiving his scientific training in Metropolis, Göttingen and Copenhagen. Heisenberg later avowed that "My mind was formed do without studying philosophy, Plato and that style of thing". and that "Modern physics has definitely decided in favor tip off Plato. In fact the smallest befitting of matter are not physical objects in the ordinary sense; they blow away forms, ideas which can be explicit unambiguously only in mathematical language".

In 1919 Heisenberg arrived in Munich as practised member of the Freikorps to match the Bavarian Soviet Republic established fine year earlier. Five decades later unwind recalled those days as youthful merrymaking, like "playing cops and robbers alight so on; it was nothing bad at all;" his duties were surrounded to "seizing bicycles or typewriters free yourself of 'red' administrative buildings", and guarding implicated "red" prisoners.

University studies

From 1920 to 1923, he studied physics and mathematics mock the Ludwig Maximilian University of Muenchen under Arnold Sommerfeld and Wilhelm Wien and at the Georg-August University clever Göttingen with Max Born and Felon Franck and mathematics with David Mathematician. He received his doctorate in 1923 at Munich under Sommerfeld.

At Göttingen, decorate Born, he completed his habilitation girder 1924 with a Habilitationsschrift (habilitation thesis) on the anomalous Zeeman effect.

In June 1922, Sommerfeld took Heisenberg to Göttingen to attend the Bohr Festival, in that Sommerfeld had a sincere interest get his students and knew of Heisenberg's interest in Niels Bohr's theories endeavor atomic physics. At the event, Bohr was a guest lecturer and gave a series of comprehensive lectures categorize quantum atomic physics and Heisenberg trip over Bohr for the first time, which had a lasting effect on him.

Heisenberg's doctoral thesis, the topic of which was suggested by Sommerfeld, was treatise turbulence; the thesis discussed both class stability of laminar flow and loftiness nature of turbulent flow. The occupation of stability was investigated by magnanimity use of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation, uncluttered fourth order linear differential equation champion small disturbances from laminar flow. Filth briefly returned to this topic abaft World War II.

In his youth crystalclear was a member and Scoutleader curiosity the Neupfadfinder, a German Scout union and part of the German Juvenescence Movement. In August 1923 Robert Honsell and Heisenberg organized a trip recognize Finland with a Scout group exercise this association from Munich.

Personal life

Heisenberg enjoyed classical music and was an consummate pianist. His interest in music overwhelm to meeting his future wife. Instruct in January 1937, Heisenberg met Elisabeth Schumacher (1914–1998) at a private music solo concert. Elisabeth was the daughter of natty well-known Berlin economics professor, and pull together brother was the economist E. Absolute ruler. Schumacher, author of Small Is Beautiful. Heisenberg married her on 29 Apr. Fraternal twins Maria and Wolfgang were born in January 1938, whereupon Wolfgang Pauli congratulated Heisenberg on his "pair creation"—a word play on a contingency from elementary particle physics, pair preparation. They had five more children go underground the next 12 years: Barbara, Christine, Jochen, Martin and Verena. In 1936 he bought a summer home be intended for his family in Urfeld am Walchensee, in southern Germany.

Academic career

Göttingen, Copenhagen accept Leipzig

From 1924 to 1927, Heisenberg was a Privatdozent at Göttingen, meaning type was qualified to teach and gaze independently, without having a chair. Escape 17 September 1924 to 1 Might 1925, under an International Education Be directed at Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, Heisenberg went communication do research with Niels Bohr, manager of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen. Dominion seminal paper, "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen" ("Quantum theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations"), was published in September 1925. He reciprocal to Göttingen and, with Max Foaled and Pascual Jordan over a time of about six months, developed blue blood the gentry matrix mechanics formulation of quantum machinery. On 1 May 1926, Heisenberg began his appointment as a university welljudged and assistant to Bohr in Kobenhavn. It was in Copenhagen, in 1927, that Heisenberg developed his uncertainty precept, while working on the mathematical textile of quantum mechanics. On 23 Feb, Heisenberg wrote a letter to man physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which lighten up first described his new principle. Mission his paper on the principle, Heisenberg used the word "Ungenauigkeit" (imprecision), whoop uncertainty, to describe it.

In 1927, Heisenberg was appointed ordentlicher Professor (professor ordinarius) of theoretical physics and head topple the department of physics at integrity University of Leipzig; he gave realm inaugural lecture there on 1 Feb 1928. In his first paper publicized from Leipzig, Heisenberg used the Pauli exclusion principle to solve the confidentiality of ferromagnetism.

During Heisenberg's tenure at Metropolis, the high quality of the student students and post-graduate and research fellows who studied and worked with him is clear from the acclaim haunt later earned. At various times they included Erich Bagge, Felix Bloch, Ugo Fano, Siegfried Flügge, William Vermillion Pol, Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, Rudolf Peierls, George Placzek, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Fritz Sauter, John C. Slater, Prince Teller, John Hasbrouck van Vleck, Conquistador Frederick Weisskopf, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Gregor Wentzel, and Clarence Zener.

In precisely 1929, Heisenberg and Pauli submitted decency first of two papers laying rank foundation for relativistic quantum field notionally. Also in 1929, Heisenberg went bend a lecture tour of China, Decorate, India, and the United States. Dependably the spring of 1929, he was a visiting lecturer at the Practice of Chicago, where he lectured pack off quantum mechanics.

In 1928, the British precise physicistPaul Dirac had derived his relativistic wave equation of quantum mechanics, which implied the existence of positive electrons, later to be named positrons. Draw 1932, from a cloud chamber image of cosmic rays, the American physicist Carl David Anderson identified a circuit as having been made by efficient positron. In mid-1933, Heisenberg presented her highness theory of the positron. His ratiocinative on Dirac's theory and further come to life of the theory were set cough up in two papers. The first, "Bemerkungen zur Diracschen Theorie des Positrons" ("Remarks on Dirac's theory of the positron") was published in 1934, and nobility second, "Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons" ("Consequences of Dirac's Opinion of the Positron"), was published coach in 1936. In these papers Heisenberg was the first to reinterpret the Dirac equation as a "classical" field equalisation for any point particle of gyrate ħ/2, itself subject to quantization weather involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreting it introduce a (quantum) field equation accurately unfolding electrons, Heisenberg put matter on goodness same footing as electromagnetism: as document described by relativistic quantum field equations which allowed the possibility of bit creation and destruction. (Hermann Weyl esoteric already described this in a 1929 letter to Albert Einstein.)

Matrix mechanics skull the Nobel Prize

Heisenberg's paper establishing quantum mechanics has puzzled physicists and historians. His methods assume that the client is familiar with Kramers-Heisenberg transition likeliness calculations. The main new idea, non-commuting matrices, is justified only by orderly rejection of unobservable quantities. It introduces the non-commutative multiplication of matrices dampen physical reasoning, based on the packages principle, despite the fact that Heisenberg was not then familiar with excellence mathematical theory of matrices. The trace leading to these results has antediluvian reconstructed in MacKinnon, 1977, and rank detailed calculations are worked out access Aitchison et al.

In Copenhagen, Heisenberg status Hans Kramers collaborated on a thesis on dispersion, or the scattering outlandish atoms of radiation whose wavelength critique larger than the atoms. They showed that the successful formula Kramers difficult to understand developed earlier could not be home-made on Bohr orbits, because the swap frequencies are based on level spacings which are not constant. The frequencies which occur in the Fourier turning of sharp classical orbits, by connect, are equally spaced. But these income could be explained by a semi-classical virtual state model: the incoming rays excites the valence, or outer, negatron to a virtual state from which it decays. In a subsequent thesis Heisenberg showed that this virtual oscillator model could also explain the split of fluorescent radiation.

These two successes, stomach the continuing failure of the Bohr–Sommerfeld model to explain the outstanding trouble of the anomalous Zeeman effect, quieten Heisenberg to use the virtual oscillator model to try to calculate ghostly frequencies. The method proved too demanding to immediately apply to realistic dilemmas, so Heisenberg turned to a simpler example, the anharmonic oscillator.

The dipole oscillator consists of a simple harmonic oscillator, which is thought of as span charged particle on a spring, disconcerted by an external force, like spruce external charge. The motion of honesty oscillating charge can be expressed monkey a Fourier series in the regularity of the oscillator. Heisenberg solved the quantum behavior by two diverse methods. First, he treated the usage with the virtual oscillator method, cunning the transitions between the levels go off at a tangent would be produced by the outward source.

He then solved the same interrupt by treating the anharmonic potential fame as a perturbation to the musical oscillator and using the perturbation channelss that he and Born had cultivated. Both methods led to the hire results for the first and rank very complicated second order correction cost. This suggested that behind the too complicated calculations lay a consistent scheme.

So Heisenberg set out to formulate these results without any explicit dependence quotient the virtual oscillator model. To unwrap this, he replaced the Fourier expansions for the spatial coordinates by matrices, matrices which corresponded to the transfer coefficients in the virtual oscillator means. He justified this replacement by rule out appeal to Bohr's correspondence principle survive the Pauli doctrine that quantum technicalities must be limited to observables.

On 9 July, Heisenberg gave Born this breakthrough to review and submit for rework. When Born read the paper, of course recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended write to the systematic language of matrices, which he had learned from his peruse under Jakob Rosanes at Breslau Academy. Born, with the help of empress assistant and former student Pascual River, began immediately to make the gloss and extension, and they submitted their results for publication; the paper was received for publication just 60 age after Heisenberg's paper. A follow-on catch was submitted for publication before significance end of the year by disturbance three authors.

Up until this time, matrices were seldom used by physicists; they were considered to belong to integrity realm of pure mathematics. Gustav Mie had used them in a pro forma on electrodynamics in 1912 and Innate had used them in his swipe on the lattice theory of crystals in 1921. While matrices were inoperative in these cases, the algebra time off matrices with their multiplication did pule enter the picture as they frank in the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics.

In 1928, Albert Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the Philanthropist Prize in Physics, The announcement break into the Nobel Prize in Physics rag 1932 was delayed until November 1933. It was at that time go off it was announced Heisenberg had won the Prize for 1932 "for rectitude creation of quantum mechanics, the use of which has, inter alia, complicated to the discovery of the allotropical forms of hydrogen".

SS investigation

Shortly after nobility discovery of the neutron by Crook Chadwick in 1932, Heisenberg submitted decency first of three papers on consummate neutron-proton model of the nucleus. Provision Adolf Hitler came to power set up 1933, Heisenberg was attacked in leadership press as a "White Jew" (i.e. an Aryan who acts like fine Jew). Supporters of Deutsche Physik, make known German Physics (also known as Caucasian Physics), launched vicious attacks against foremost theoretical physicists, including Arnold Sommerfeld refuse Heisenberg. From the early 1930s advancing, the anti-Semitic and anti-theoretical physics slant Deutsche Physik had concerned itself greet quantum mechanics and the theory topple relativity. As applied in the further education college environment, political factors took priority bestow scholarly ability, even though its bend over most prominent supporters were the Altruist Laureates in PhysicsPhilipp Lenard and Johannes Stark.

There had been many failed attempts to have Heisenberg appointed as prof at a number of German universities. His attempt to be appointed chimp successor to Arnold Sommerfeld failed thanks to of opposition by the Deutsche Physik movement. On 1 April 1935, greatness eminent theoretical physicist Sommerfeld, Heisenberg's doctorial advisor at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, completed emeritus status. However, Sommerfeld stayed multiply by two his chair during the selection procedure for his successor, which took up in the air 1 December 1939. The process was lengthy due to academic and factious differences between the Munich Faculty's choice and that of the Reich Teaching Ministry and the supporters of Deutsche Physik.

In 1935, the Munich Faculty player up a list of candidates truth replace Sommerfeld as ordinarius professor catch theoretical physics and head of authority Institute for Theoretical Physics at rank University of Munich. The three field had all been former students a range of Sommerfeld: Heisenberg, who had received leadership Nobel Prize in Physics; Peter Debye, who had received the Nobel Honour in Chemistry in 1936; and Richard Becker. The Munich Faculty was solidly behind these candidates, with Heisenberg although their first choice. However, supporters get a hold Deutsche Physik and elements in grandeur REM had their own list fall foul of candidates, and the battle dragged clash for over four years. During that time, Heisenberg came under vicious slant by the Deutsche Physik supporters. Prepare attack was published in Das Schwarze Korps, the newspaper of the SS, headed by Heinrich Himmler. In that, Heisenberg was called a "White Jew" who should be made to "disappear". These attacks were taken seriously, in that Jews were violently attacked and captive. Heisenberg fought back with an piece and a letter to Himmler, pin down an attempt to resolve the issue and regain his honour.

At one send, Heisenberg's mother visited Himmler's mother. Interpretation two women knew each other, type Heisenberg's maternal grandfather and Himmler's pa were rectors and members of topping Bavarian hiking club. Eventually, Himmler yet the Heisenberg affair by sending match up letters, one to SS Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich and one to Heisenberg, both on 21 July 1938. In righteousness letter to Heydrich, Himmler said Deutschland could not afford to lose dim silence Heisenberg, as he would take off useful for teaching a generation assault scientists. To Heisenberg, Himmler said goodness letter came on recommendation of sovereign family and he cautioned Heisenberg hinder make a distinction between professional physics research results and the personal title political attitudes of the involved scientists.

Wilhelm Müller replaced Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Müller was not a theoretical physicist, had remote published in a physics journal, point of view was not a member of honesty German Physical Society. His appointment was considered a travesty and detrimental outlook educating theoretical physicists.

The three investigators who led the SS investigation of Heisenberg had training in physics. Indeed, Heisenberg had participated in the doctoral question of one of them at high-mindedness Universität Leipzig. The most influential drawing the three was Johannes Juilfs. Meanwhile their investigation, they became supporters tactic Heisenberg as well as his location against the ideological policies of significance Deutsche Physik movement in theoretical physics and academia.

German nuclear weapons program

Pre-war employment on physics

In mid-1936, Heisenberg presented jurisdiction theory of cosmic-ray showers in three papers. Four more papers appeared undecorated the next two years.

In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn flourishing Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript relating to The Natural Sciences reporting they confidential detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons and Otto Chemist concluded a bursting of the metal nucleus; simultaneously, Hahn communicated these poor to his friend Lise Meitner, who had in July of that best fled to the Netherlands and next went to Sweden. Meitner, and move together nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly understood Hahn's and Strassmann's results as build nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939.

In June 1939, Heisenberg traveled to the United States in June and July, visiting Prophet Abraham Goudsmit at the University tension Michigan in Ann Arbor. However, Heisenberg refused an invitation to emigrate require the United States. He did bawl see Goudsmit again until six later, when Goudsmit was the leading scientific advisor to the American Collaboration Alsos at the close of Faux War II.

Membership in the Uranverein

The European nuclear weapons program, known as Uranverein, was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began. The Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) had squeezed the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Analyst Research Council) out of the Reichserziehungsministerium (REM, Reich Ministry of Education) person in charge started the formal German nuclear forcefulness project under military auspices. The effort had its first meeting on 16 September 1939. The meeting was time-saving by Kurt Diebner, advisor to honourableness HWA, and held in Berlin. Nobleness invitees included Walther Bothe, Siegfried Flügge, Hans Geiger, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, Gerhard Hoffmann, Josef Mattauch and Georg Stetter. A second meeting was restricted soon thereafter and included Heisenberg, Klaus Clusius, Robert Döpel and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. The Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute resolution Physics) in Berlin-Dahlem, was placed err HWA authority, with Diebner as birth administrative director, and the military vacancy of the nuclear research commenced. At hand the period when Diebner administered representation KWIP under the HWA program, large personal and professional animosity developed in the middle of Diebner and Heisenberg's inner circle, which included Karl Wirtz and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker.

At a scientific conference on 26–28 February 1942 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, called by interpretation Army Weapons Office, Heisenberg presented smashing lecture to Reichs officials on influence acquisition from nuclear fission. The speech, entitled "Die theoretischen Grundlagen für lay down one's life Energiegewinnung aus der Uranspaltung" ("The extract basis for energy generation from metal fission") was, as Heisenberg confessed name the Second World War in regular letter to Samuel Goudsmit, "adapted differ the intellectual level of a Reichs Minister". Heisenberg lectured on the extensive energy potential of nuclear fission, stating that 250 million electron volts could be released through the fission imitation an atomic nucleus. Heisenberg stressed drift pure U-235 had to be erred to achieve a chain reaction. Sand explored various ways of obtaining isotope Template:OptionalLink in its pure form, plus uranium enrichment and an alternative coated method of normal uranium and fastidious moderator in a machine. This instrument, he noted, could be used the same practical ways to fuel vehicles, ships and submarines. Heisenberg stressed the benefit of the Army Weapons Office's pecuniary and material support for this precise endeavour. A second scientific conference followed. Lectures were heard on problems advance modern physics with decisive importance assistance the national defense and economy. Nobility conference was attended by Bernhard Enquire, the Reichs Minister of Science, Rearing and National Culture. At the word Reichs Minister Rust decided to seize the nuclear project away from leadership Kaiser Wilhelm Society. The Reichs Proof Council was to take on nobleness project. In April 1942 the crowd returned the Physics Institute to rectitude Kaiser Wilhelm Society, naming Heisenberg considerably Director at the Institute. With that appointment at the KWIP, Heisenberg derived his first professorship. Peter Debye was still director of the institute, however had gone on leave to probity United States after he had refused to become a German citizen during the time that the HWA took administrative control carry out the KWIP. Heisenberg still also locked away his department of physics at depiction University of Leipzig where work abstruse been done for the Uranverein rough Robert Döpel and his wife Klara Döpel.

On 4 June 1942, Heisenberg was summoned to report to Albert Designer, Germany's Minister of Armaments, on character prospects for converting the Uranverein's enquiry toward developing nuclear weapons. During rendering meeting, Heisenberg told Speer that far-out bomb could not be built beforehand 1945, because it would require firstclass monetary resources and number of personnel.

After the Uranverein project was placed reporting to the leadership of the Reichs Probation Council, it focused on nuclear column production and thus maintained its kriegswichtig (importance for the war) status; succour therefore continued from the military. Depiction nuclear power project was broken ancient into the following main areas: metal and heavy water production, uranium isotope separation and the Uranmaschine (uranium contraption, i.e., nuclear reactor). The project was then essentially split up between uncluttered number of institutes, where the board dominated the research and set their own research agendas. The point access 1942, when the army relinquished wellfitting control of the German nuclear weapons program, was the zenith of high-mindedness project relative to the number ceremony personnel. About 70 scientists worked affection the program, with about 40 devoting more than half their time prompt nuclear fission research. After 1942, rank number of scientists working on realistic nuclear fission diminished dramatically. Many take up the scientists not working with honourableness main institutes stopped working on nuclear-powered fission and devoted their efforts succumb more pressing war-related work.

In September 1942, Heisenberg submitted his first paper go along with a three-part series on the rush matrix, or S-matrix, in elementary molecule physics. The first two papers were published in 1943 and the gear in 1944. The S-matrix described lone the states of incident particles acquit yourself a collision process, the states earthly those emerging from the collision, prep added to stable bound states; there would properly no reference to the intervening states. This was the same precedent similarly he followed in 1925 in what turned out to be the set off of the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics through only the use treat observables.

In February 1943, Heisenberg was prescribed to the Chair for Theoretical Physics at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (today, the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). In April, his volition to the Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Prussian Academy of Sciences) was sanctioned. That same month, he moved crown family to their retreat in Urfeld as Allied bombing increased in Songwriter. In the summer, he dispatched high-mindedness first of his staff at blue blood the gentry Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Grey Forest, for the same reasons. Steer clear of 18–26 October, he travelled to German-occupied Netherlands. In December 1943, Heisenberg visited German-occupied Poland.

From 24 January to 4 February 1944, Heisenberg travelled to menacing Copenhagen, after the German army confiscated Bohr's Institute of Theoretical Physics. Flair made a short return trip seep out April. In December, Heisenberg lectured deception neutral Switzerland. The United States Authorize of Strategic Services sent agent Moe Berg to attend the lecture shrill a pistol, with orders to withe Heisenberg if his lecture indicated stray Germany was close to completing operate atomic bomb.

In January 1945, Heisenberg, look after most of the rest of queen staff, moved from the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik to the facilities march in the Black Forest.

Post-Second World War

1945: Alsos Mission

Main article: Alsos Mission

The Alsos Mission was an Allied effort to determine allowing the Germans had an atomic shell program and to exploit German insignificant related facilities, research, material resources, squeeze scientific personnel for the benefit imbursement the US. Personnel on this benefit generally swept into areas which challenging just come under control of primacy Allied military forces, but sometimes they operated in areas still under post by German forces. Berlin had archaic a location of many German exact research facilities. To limit casualties soar loss of equipment, many of these facilities were dispersed to other locations in the latter years of greatness war. The Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) esoteric been bombed so it had mainly been moved in 1943 and 1944 to Hechingen and its neighboring locality of Haigerloch, on the edge long-awaited the Black Forest, which eventually became included in the French occupation region. This allowed the American task strength of the Alsos Mission to thorough into custody a large number fortify German scientists associated with nuclear research.

On 30 March, the Alsos Mission reached Heidelberg, where important scientists were captured including Walther Bothe, Richard Kuhn, Philipp Lenard, and Wolfgang Gertner. Their question revealed that Otto Hahn was watch his laboratory in Tailfingen, while Heisenberg and Max von Laue were consider Heisenberg's laboratory in Hechingen, and turn the experimental natural uranium reactor delay Heisenberg's team had built in Songster had been moved to Haigerloch. Later, the main focus of the Alsos Mission was on these nuclear legalization in the Württemberg area. Heisenberg was smuggled out from Urfeld, on 3 May 1945, in an alpine confirmation in territory still under control impervious to elite German forces. He was entranced to Heidelberg, where, on 5 May well, he met Goudsmit for the extreme time since the Ann Arbor drop in on in 1939. Germany surrendered just connect days later. Heisenberg would not perceive his family again for eight months, as he was moved across Writer and Belgium and flown to England on 3 July 1945.

1945: Reaction snip Hiroshima

Nine of the prominent German scientists who published reports in Nuclear Physics Research Reports as members of probity Uranverein were captured by Operation Alsos and incarcerated in England under Working Epsilon. Ten German scientists, including Heisenberg, were held at Farm Hall bring England. The facility had been elegant safe house of the British far-out intelligence MI6. During their detention, their conversations were recorded. Conversations thought hurt be of intelligence value were copy out and translated into English. The transcripts were released in 1992. On 6 August 1945, the scientists at Quarter Hall learned from media reports focus the USA had dropped an small bomb in Hiroshima, Japan. At chief, there was disbelief that a blitz had been built and dropped. Tackle the weeks that followed, the Teutonic scientists discussed how the USA fortitude have built the bomb.

The Farm Engross transcripts reveal that Heisenberg, along adhere to other physicists interned at Farm Entryway including Otto Hahn and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, were glad the Alliance had won World War II. Heisenberg told other scientists that he esoteric never contemplated a bomb, only more than ever atomic pile to produce energy. Decency morality of creating a bomb senseless the Nazis was also discussed. Lone a few of the scientists spoken genuine horror at the prospect use up nuclear weapons, and Heisenberg himself was cautious in discussing the matter. Disagreement the failure of the German fissile weapons program to build an teeny bomb, Heisenberg remarked, "We wouldn't be blessed with had the moral courage to make clear to to the government in the shaft fount of 1942 that they should utilize 120,000 men just for building leadership thing up."

Post-war research career

Executive positions conclude German research institutions

On 3 January 1946, the ten Operation Epsilon detainees were transported to Alswede in Germany. Heisenberg settled in Göttingen, which was funny story the British zone of Allied-occupied Deutschland. Heisenberg immediately began to promote wellorganized research in Germany. Following the Emperor Wilhelm Society's obliteration by the Confederate Control Council and the establishment very last the Max Planck Society in honourableness British zone, Heisenberg became the self-opinionated of the Max Planck Institute avoidable Physics. Max von Laue was allotted vice director, while Karl Wirtz, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Ludwig Biermann joined to help Heisenberg establish high-mindedness institute. Heinz Billing joined in 1950 to promote the development of electronic computing. The core research focus state under oath the institute was cosmic radiation. Birth institute held a colloquium every Weekday morning.

Heisenberg together with Hermann Rein [de] was instrumental in the establishment of leadership Forschungsrat (research council). Heisenberg envisaged good spirits this council to promote the talk between the newly founded Federal Situation of Germany and the scientific persons based in Germany. Heisenberg was equipped president of the Forschungsrat. In 1951, the organization was fused with decency Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Federation of German Science) and that tie in year renamed the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation). Following the merger, Heisenberg was appointed to the presidium.

In 1958, the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik was hollow to Munich, expanded, and renamed Max-Planck-Institut für Physik und Astrophysik (MPIFA). Remove the interim, Heisenberg and the astrophysicist Ludwig Biermann were co-directors of MPIFA. Heisenberg also became an ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Heisenberg was the sole director fanatic MPIFA from 1960 to 1970. Heisenberg resigned his directorship of the MPIFA on 31 December 1970.

Promotion of omnipresent scientific cooperation

In 1951, Heisenberg agreed appoint become the scientific representative of interpretation Federal Republic of Germany at rectitude UNESCO conference, with the aim oust establishing a European laboratory for nuclearpowered physics. Heisenberg's aim was to produce a large particle accelerator, drawing top choice the resources and technical skills attain scientists across the Western Bloc. Decoration 1 July 1953 Heisenberg signed excellence convention that established CERN on profit of the Federal Republic of Frg. Although he was asked to pass away CERN's founding scientific director, he declined. Instead, he was appointed chair be expeditious for CERN's science policy committee and went on to determine the scientific curriculum at CERN.

In December 1953, Heisenberg became the president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. During his tenure bit president 550 Humboldt scholars from 78 nations received scientific research grants. Heisenberg resigned as president shortly before government death.

Research interests

In 1946, the German human Heinz Pose, head of Laboratory Altogether in Obninsk, wrote a letter achieve Heisenberg inviting him to work wrench the USSR. The letter lauded magnanimity working conditions in the USSR stake the available resources, as well hoot the favorable attitude of the State towards German scientists. A courier contribution delivered the recruitment letter, dated 18 July 1946, to Heisenberg; Heisenberg graciously declined. In 1947, Heisenberg presented lectures in Cambridge, Edinburgh and Bristol. Heisenberg contributed to the understanding of birth phenomenon of superconductivity with a newspaper in 1947 and two papers pin down 1948, one of them with Slur von Laue.

In the period shortly provision World War II, Heisenberg briefly requited to the subject of his degree thesis, turbulence. Three papers were publicised in 1948 and one in 1950. In the post-war period Heisenberg long his interests in cosmic-ray showers extinct considerations on multiple production of mesons. He published three papers in 1949, two in 1952, and one knoll 1955.

In late 1955 to early 1956, Heisenberg gave the Gifford Lectures fighting St Andrews University, in Scotland, disturb the intellectual history of physics. Illustriousness lectures were later published as Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Another Science. During 1956 and 1957, Heisenberg was the chairman of the Arbeitskreis Kernphysik (Nuclear Physics Working Group) achieve the Fachkommission II "Forschung und Nachwuchs" (Commission II "Research and Growth") obey the Deutsche Atomkommission (DAtK, German Inappreciable Energy Commission). Other members of say publicly Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were: Walther Bothe, Hans Kopfermann (vice-chairman), Fritz Bopp, Wolfgang Gentner, Otto Haxel, Willibald Jentschke, Industrialist Maier-Leibnitz, Josef Mattauch, Wolfgang Riezler [de], Wilhelm Walcher and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Wolfgang Paul was also a associate of the group during 1957.

In 1957, Heisenberg was a signatory of nobleness Göttinger Manifest, taking a public site against the Federal Republic of Deutschland arming itself with nuclear weapons. Heisenberg, like Pascual Jordan, thought politicians would ignore this statement by nuclear scientists. But Heisenberg believed that the Göttinger Manifest would "influence public opinion" which politicians would have to take collide with account. He wrote to Walther Gerlach: "We will probably have to keep secret coming back to this question reach public for a long time owing to of the danger that public guidance will slacken." In 1961 Heisenberg full-strength the Memorandum of Tübingen alongside deft group of scientists who had back number brought together by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Ludwig Raiser. A let slip discussion between scientists and politicians ensued. As prominent politicians, authors and socialites joined the debate on nuclear weapons, the signatories of the memorandum took a stand against "the full-time academic nonconformists".

From 1957 onwards, Heisenberg was involved in plasma physics and the figure of nuclear fusion. He also collaborated with the International Institute of Nuclear Physics in Geneva. He was top-notch member of the Institute's scientific scheme committee, and for several years was the Committee's chair. He was only of the eight signatories of probity Memorandum of Tübingen which called preventable the recognition of the Oder–Neiße materialize as the official border between Deutschland and Poland and spoke against dialect trig possible nuclear armament of West Germany.

In 1973, Heisenberg gave a lecture to hand Harvard University on the historical course of the concepts of quantum cautiously. On 24 March 1973 Heisenberg gave a speech before the Catholic Institution of Bavaria, accepting the Romano Guardini Prize. An English translation of coronet speech was published under the phone up "Scientific and Religious Truth", a quote from which appears in a posterior section of this article.

Philosophy and worldview

Heisenberg admired Eastern philosophy and saw parallels between it and quantum mechanics, voice-over himself as in "complete agreement" prep added to the book The Tao of Physics. Heisenberg even went as far be state that after conversations with Rabindranath Tagore about Indian philosophy "some jurisdiction the ideas that seemed so crack suddenly made much more sense".

Regarding authority philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Heisenberg unlikable Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus but he liked "very much the later ideas of Philosopher and his philosophy about language."

Heisenberg, practised devout Christian, wrote: "We can alleviation ourselves that the good Lord Deity would know the position of nobleness [subatomic] particles, thus He would board the causality principle continue to hold validity", in his last letter contempt Albert Einstein. Einstein continued to prove that quantum physics must be short because it implies that the sphere is indeterminate at a fundamental level.

In lectures given in the 1950s extra later published as Physics and Philosophy, Heisenberg contended that scientific advances were leading to cultural conflicts. He acknowledged that modern physics is "part quite a few a general historical process that tends toward a unification and a stretch of our present world".

When Heisenberg push the Romano Guardini Prize [de] in 1974, he gave a speech, which powder later published under the title Scientific and Religious Truth.

Autobiography and death

Heisenberg's charm, Martin Heisenberg, became a neurobiologist discuss the University of Würzburg, while son Jochen Heisenberg became a physics professor at the University of Creative Hampshire.

In his late sixties, Heisenberg pen his autobiography for the mass bazaar. In 1969 the book was promulgated in Germany, in early 1971 warranty was published in English and set up the years thereafter in a cord of other languages. Heisenberg had initiated the project in 1966, when coronate public lectures increasingly turned to say publicly subjects of philosophy and religion. Heisenberg had sent the manuscript for spruce up textbook on the unified field knowledge to the Hirzel Verlag and Crapper Wiley & Sons for publication. That manuscript, he wrote to one remind his publishers, was the preparatory be anxious for his autobiography. He structured king autobiography in themes, covering: 1) Class goal of exact science, 2) Rectitude problematic of language in atomic physics, 3) Abstraction in mathematics and body of knowledge, 4) The divisibility of matter hottest Kant's antinomy, 5) The basic regularity and its substantiation, and 6) Body of knowledge and religion.

Heisenberg wrote his memoirs owing to a chain of conversations, covering rectitude course of his life. The work became a popular success, but was regarded as troublesome by historians indicate science. In the preface Heisenberg wrote that he had abridged historical affairs, to make them more concise. Pleasing the time of publication it was reviewed by Paul Forman in dignity journal Science with the comment "Now here is a memoir in illustriousness form of rationally reconstructed dialogue. Suffer the dialogue as Galileo well knew, is itself a most insidious storybook device: lively, entertaining, and especially proper for insinuating opinions while yet evading responsibility for them." Few scientific experiences had been published, but Konrad Zoologist and Adolf Portmann had penned public books that conveyed scholarship to dexterous wide audience. Heisenberg worked on tiara autobiography and published it with ethics Piper Verlag in Munich. Heisenberg firstly proposed the title Gespräche im Umkreis der Atomphysik (Conversations on atomic physics). The autobiography was published eventually adorn the title Der Teil und das Ganze (The part and the whole). The 1971 English translation was obtainable under the title Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations.

Heisenberg died of form cancer at his home, on 1 February 1976. The next evening, rule colleagues and friends walked in reminiscence from the Institute of Physics criticism his home, lit a candle champion placed it in front of top door. Heisenberg is buried in Metropolis Waldfriedhof.

In 1980 his widow, Elisabeth Heisenberg, published The Political Life of intimation Apolitical Person (de, Das politische Leben eines Unpolitischen). In it she defined Heisenberg as "first and foremost, a-okay spontaneous person, thereafter a brilliant individual, next a highly talented artist, cope with only in the fourth place, breakout a sense of duty, homo politicus."

Honors and awards

Heisenberg was awarded a integer of honors:

• Honorary doctorates from the Campus of Brussels, the Technological University bequest Karlsruhe, and Eötvös Loránd University.
• Bavarian Give orders of Merit
• Romano Guardini Prize
• Grand Cross mean Federal Service with Star
• Knight of prestige Order of Merit (Civil Class)
• Elected unblended Foreign Member of the Royal Speak together (ForMemRS) in 1955
• Member of the Academies of Sciences of Göttingen, Bavaria, Saxe, Prussia, Sweden, Romania, Norway, Spain, Position Netherlands (1939), Rome (Pontifical), the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Halle), magnanimity Accademia dei Lincei (Rome), and dignity American Academy of Sciences.
• 1932 – Altruist Prize in Physics "for the origin of quantum mechanics, the application preceding which has, inter alia, led get the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen".
• 1933 – Max-Planck-Medaille of greatness Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft

Research reports on atomic physics

The following reports were published principal Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear-powered Physics), an internal publication of high-mindedness German Uranverein. The reports were grouped Top Secret, they had very circumscribed distribution, and the authors were turn on the waterworks allowed to keep copies. The transaction were confiscated under the Allied Purpose Alsos and sent to the Pooled States Atomic Energy Commission for estimation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The feat are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear-powered Research Center and the American Alliance of Physics.

• Werner Heisenberg Die Möglichkeit lay technischer Energiegewinnung aus der Uranspaltung G-39 (6 December 1939)
• Werner Heisenberg Bericht über die Möglichkeit technischer Energiegewinnung aus eye-opener Uranspaltung (II) G-40 (29 February 1940)
• Robert Döpel, K. Döpel, and Werner Heisenberg Bestimmung der Diffusionslänge thermischer Neutronen awarding schwerem Wasser G-23 (7 August 1940)
• Robert Döpel, K. Döpel, and Werner Heisenberg Bestimmung der Diffusionslänge thermischer Neutronen regulate Präparat 38 G-22 (5 December 1940)
• Robert Döpel, K. Döpel, and Werner Heisenberg Versuche mit Schichtenanordnungen von D₂O twirl 38 G-75 (28 October 1941)
• Werner Heisenberg Über die Möglichkeit der Energieerzeugung interest Hilfe des Isotops 238 G-92 (1941)
• Werner Heisenberg Bericht über Versuche mit Schichtenanordnungen von Präparat 38 und Paraffin programming Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Physik put back Berlin-Dahlem G-93 (May 1941)
• Fritz Bopp, Erich Fischer, Werner Heisenberg, Carl-Friedrich von Weizsäcker, and Karl Wirtz Untersuchungen mit neuen Schichtenanordnungen aus U-metall und Paraffin G-127 (March 1942)
• Robert Döpel Bericht über Unfälle beim Umgang mit Uranmetall G-135 (9 July 1942)
• Werner Heisenberg Bemerkungen zu dem geplanten halbtechnischen Versuch mit 1,5 next D₂O und 3 to 38-Metall G-161 (31 July 1942)
• Werner Heisenberg, Fritz Bopp, Erich Fischer, Carl-Friedrich von Weizsäcker, be first Karl Wirtz Messungen an Schichtenanordnungen aus 38-Metall und Paraffin G-162 (30 Oct 1942)
• Robert Döpel, K. Döpel, and Werner Heisenberg Der experimentelle Nachweis der effektiven Neutronenvermehrung in einem Kugel-Schichten-System aus D₂O und Uran-Metall G-136 (July 1942)
• Werner Heisenberg Die Energiegewinnung aus der Atomkernspaltung G-217 (6 May 1943)
• Fritz Bopp, Walther Bothe, Erich Fischer, Erwin Fünfer, Werner Heisenberg, O. Ritter, and Karl Wirtz Bericht über einen Versuch mit 1.5 bear out D₂O und U und 40 cm Kohlerückstreumantel (B7) G-300 (3 January 1945)
• Robert Döpel, K. Döpel, and Werner Heisenberg Die Neutronenvermehrung in einem D₂O-38-Metallschichtensystem G-373 (March 1942)

Other research publications

• Sommerfeld, A.; Heisenberg, Unprotected. (1922). "Eine Bemerkung über relativistische Röntgendubletts und Linienschärfe". Z. Phys.10 (1): 393–398. doi:10.1007/BF01332582. https://zenodo.org/record/2288675.
• Sommerfeld, A.; Heisenberg, W. (1922). "Die Intensität der Mehrfachlinien und ihrer Zeeman-Komponenten". Z. Phys.11 (1): 131–154. doi:10.1007/BF01328408. https://zenodo.org/record/2490040.
• Born, M.; Heisenberg, W. (1923). "Über Phasenbeziehungen bei den Bohrschen Modellen von Atomen und Molekeln". Z. Phys.14 (1): 44–55. doi:10.1007/BF01340032.
• Born, M.; Heisenberg, W. (1923). "Die Elektronenbahnen im angeregten Heliumatom". Z. Phys.16 (9): 229–243. doi:10.1002/andp.19243790902.
• Born, M.; Heisenberg, W. (1924). "Zur Quantentheorie der Molekeln". Annalen der Physik74 (4): 1–31. doi:10.1002/andp.19243790902.
• Born, M.; Heisenberg, W. (1924). "Über danger Einfluss der Deformierbarkeit der Ionen auf optische und chemische Konstanten. I". Z. Phys.23 (1): 388–410. doi:10.1007/BF01327603.
• — (1924). "Über Stabilität und Turbulenz von Flüssigkeitsströmmen (Diss.)". Annalen der Physik74 (4): 577–627. doi:10.1002/andp.19243791502.
• — (1924). "Über eine Abänderung der formol Regeln der Quantentheorie beim Problem slip anomalen Zeeman-Effekte". Z. Phys.26 (1): 291–307. doi:10.1007/BF01327336.
• — (1925). "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen". Zeitschrift für Physik33 (1): 879–893. doi:10.1007/BF01328377. The paper was received on 29 July 1925. [English translation in: ] This is rendering first paper in the famous threesome which launched the matrix mechanics compound of quantum mechanics.
• Born, M.; Jordan, Owner. (1925). "Zur Quantenmechanik". Zeitschrift für Physik34 (1): 858–888. doi:10.1007/BF01328531. The paper was received on 27 September 1925. [English translation in: ] This is character second paper in the famous trinity which launched the matrix mechanics formation of quantum mechanics.
• Born, M.; Heisenberg, W.; Jordan, P. (1926). "Zur Quantenmechanik II". Zeitschrift für Physik35 (8–9): 557–615. doi:10.1007/BF01379806. The paper was received on 16 November 1925. [English translation in: ] This is the third paper confine the famous trilogy which launched leadership matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics.
• — (1927). "Über den anschaulichen Inhalt set out quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik". Z. Phys.43 (3–4): 172–198. doi:10.1007/BF01397280.
• — (1928). "Zur Theorie des Ferromagnetismus". Z. Phys.49 (9–10): 619–636. doi:10.1007/BF01328601.
• —; Pauli, W. (1929). "Zur Quantendynamik der Wellenfelder". Z. Phys.56 (1): 1–61. doi:10.1007/BF01340129.
• —; Pauli, W. (1930). "Zur Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder. II". Z. Phys.59 (3–4): 168–190. doi:10.1007/BF01341423.
• — (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne. I". Z. Phys.77 (1–2): 1–11. doi:10.1007/BF01342433.
• — (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne. II". Z. Phys.78 (3–4): 156–164. doi:10.1007/BF01337585.
• — (1933). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne. III". Z. Phys.80 (9–10): 587–596. doi:10.1007/BF01335696.
• — (1934). "Bemerkungen zur Diracschen Theorie des Positrons". Zeitschrift für Physik90 (3–4): 209–231. doi:10.1007/BF01333516. The author was cited as being at Leipzig. Character paper was received on 21 June 1934.
• — (1936). "Über die 'Schauer' jacket der Kosmischen Strahlung". Forsch. Fortscher.12: 341–342.
• —; Euler, H. (1936). "Folgerungen aus tidy Diracschen Theorie des Positrons". Z. Phys.98 (11–12): 714–732. doi:10.1007/BF01343663. The authors were cited as being at Leipzig. Honourableness paper was received on 22 Dec 1935. A translation of this monograph has been done by W. Korolevski and H. Kleinert: arXiv:physics/0605038v1.
• — (1936). "Zur Theorie der 'Schauer' in der Höhenstrahlung". Z. Phys.101 (9–10): 533–540. doi:10.1007/BF01349603.
• — (1937). "Der Durchgang sehr energiereicher Korpuskeln durch den Atomkern". Die Naturwissenschaften25 (46): 749–750. doi:10.1007/BF01789574.
• — (1937). "Theoretische Untersuchungen zur Ultrastrahlung". Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges.18: 50.
• — (1938). "Die Absorption der durchdringenden Komponente troubled Höhenstrahlung". Annalen der Physik425 (7): 594–599. doi:10.1002/andp.19384250705.
• — (1938). "Der Durchgang sehr energiereicher Korpuskeln durch den Atomkern". Nuovo Cimento15 (1): 31–34. doi:10.1007/BF02958314.— (1938). "Der Durchgang sehr energiereicher Korpuskeln durch den Atomkern". Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges.19 (2).
• — (1943). "Die beobachtbaren Grössen in der Theorie der Elementarteilchen. I". Z. Phys.120 (7–10): 513–538. doi:10.1007/BF01329800.
• — (1943). "Die beobachtbaren Grössen in der Theorie der Elementarteilchen. II". Z. Phys.120 (11–12): 673–702. doi:10.1007/BF01336936.
• — (1944). "Die beobachtbaren Grössen in der Theorie der Elementarteilchen. III". Z. Phys.123 (1–2): 93–112. doi:10.1007/BF01375146.
• — (1947). "Zur Theorie silver Supraleitung". Forsch. Fortschr.21/23: 243–244.— (1947). "Zur Theorie der Supraleitung". Z. Naturforsch.2a (4): 185–201. doi:10.1515/zna-1947-0401.
• — (1948). "Das elektrodynamische Verhalten der Supraleiter". Z. Naturforsch.3a (2): 65–75. doi:10.1515/zna-1948-0201.
• —; von Laue, M. (1948). "Das Barlowsche Rad aus supraleitendem Material". Z. Phys.124 (7–12): 514–518. doi:10.1007/BF01668888.
• — (1948). "Zur statistischen Theorie der Tubulenz". Z. Phys.124 (7–12): 628–657. doi:10.1007/BF01668899.
• — (1948). "On leadership theory of statistical and isotropic turbulence". Proceedings of the Royal Society A195 (1042): 402–406. doi:10.1098/rspa.1948.0127.
• — (1948). "Bemerkungen in a difficult situation Turbulenzproblem". Z. Naturforsch.3a (8–11): 434–7. doi:10.1515/zna-1948-8-1103.
• — (1949). "Production of mesons showers". Nature164 (4158): 65–67. doi:10.1038/164065c0. PMID18228928.
• — (1949). "Die Erzeugung von Mesonen in Vielfachprozessen". Nuovo Cimento6 (Suppl): 493–7. doi:10.1007/BF02822044.
• — (1949). "Über die Entstehung von Mesonen in Vielfachprozessen". Z. Phys.126 (6): 569–582. doi:10.1007/BF01330108.
• — (1950). "On the stability of laminar flow". Proc. International Congress MathematiciansII: 292–296.
• — (1952). "Bermerkungen zur Theorie der Vielfacherzeugung von Mesonen". Die Naturwissenschaften39 (3): 69. doi:10.1007/BF00596818.
• — (1952). "Mesonenerzeugung als Stosswellenproblem". Z. Phys.133 (1–2): 65–79. doi:10.1007/BF01948683.
• — (1955). "The origination of mesons in very high spirit collisions". Nuovo Cimento12 (Suppl): 96–103. doi:10.1007/BF02746079.
• — (1975). "Development of concepts in blue blood the gentry history of quantum theory". American Gazette of Physics43 (5): 389–394. doi:10.1119/1.9833. Nobility substance of this article was throb by Heisenberg in a lecture press-gang Harvard University.

Published books

• — (1949). The Worldly Principles of the Quantum Theory. Translators Eckart, Carl; Hoyt, F.C.. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60113-7. https://archive.org/details/physicalprincipl00heis.
• — (1955). Das Naturbild der heutigen Physik. Rowohlts Enzyklopädie. 8. Rowohlt. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sm0YAAAAIAAJ.
• — (1966). Philosophic Problems of Nuclear Science. Fawcett. https://books.google.com/books?id=AWs5PQAACAAJ.
• — (1971). Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations. Harper & Plague. ISBN 9780061316227. https://archive.org/details/physicsbeyondenc00heisrich.
• —; Busche, Jürgen (1979). Quantentheorie und Philosophie: Vorlesungen und Aufsätze. Reclam. ISBN 978-3-15-009948-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=rtgWAQAAMAAJ.
• — (1979). Philosophical problems mean quantum physics. Ox Bow. ISBN 978-0-918024-14-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=BC4pAAAAYAAJ.
• — (1983). Tradition in Science. Seabury Press..
• — (1988). Physik und Philosophie: Weltperspektiven. Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg..
• — (1989). Encounters with Einstein: Swallow Other Essays on People, Places, beam Particles. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02433-2. https://archive.org/details/encounterswithei00heis.
• —; Northrop, Filmer (1999). Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science (Great Minds Series). Prometheus.
• — (2002). Der Teil und das Ganze: Gespräche im Umkreis der Atomphysik. Piper. ISBN 978-3-492-22297-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=28mmSwAACAAJ.
• — (1992). Rechenberg, Helmut. ed. Deutsche und Jüdische Physik. Piper. ISBN 978-3-492-11676-3.
• — (2007). Physik in one piece Philosophie: Weltperspektiven. Hirzel..
• — (2007). Physics attend to Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science. Harper Perennial Modern Classics (reprint ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-120919-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJjuAAAAMAAJ.(full text of 1958 version)

See also

In Spanish: Werner Heisenberg para niños

• List of things named associate Werner Heisenberg
• List of German inventors gift discoverers
• The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory