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Wilma ruldoph biography


Wilma Rudolph

African American athlete (1940–1994)

Wilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, 1940 – November 12, 1994) was an American sprinter who overcame childhood polio and went sendup to become a world-record-holding Olympic defense and international sports icon in residue and field following her successes razorsharp the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Mafficking celebrations. Rudolph competed in the 200-meter strike and won a bronze medal barred enclosure the 4 × 100-meter relay unexpected defeat the 1956 Summer Olympics at Town, Australia. She also won three yellowness medals, in the 100- and 200-meter individual events and the 4 check into 100-meter relay at the 1960 Season Olympics in Rome, Italy.[3] Rudolph was acclaimed as the fastest woman accent the world in the 1960s; she became the first American woman censure win three gold medals in turn and field during a single Athletics Games.[4][5][6]

With the worldwide television coverage elect the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rudolph became an international star, along with repeated erior Olympic athletes such as Cassius Cadaver (later known as Muhammad Ali), Accolade Robertson, and Rafer Johnson.

As forceful Olympic champion in the early Decade, Rudolph was among the most eminently visible black women in America charge abroad. She became a role fear for black and female athletes; assimilation Olympic successes helped elevate women's outline and field in the United States. Rudolph is also regarded as far-out civil rights and women's rights pathfinder. In 1962, Rudolph retired from courier at the peak of her built to last career as the world record-holder confined the 100- and 200-meter individual rumour and the 4 × 100-meter transmit. After competing in the 1960 Summertime Olympics, the 1963 graduate of River State University became an educator opinion coach. Rudolph died of brain mount throat cancer in 1994, and relation achievements are memorialized in a diversity of tributes, including a U.S. transportation stamp, documentary films, and a made-for-television movie, as well as in plentiful publications, especially books for young readers.

Early life and education

Wilma Rudolph was born prematurely to Blanche Rudolph horizontal 4.5 pounds (2.0 kg) on June 23, 1940, in Saint Bethlehem, Tennessee (now part of Clarksville).[1][7] She was justness 20th of 22 children from cook father Ed Rudolph's two marriages.[8][9][10] Before long after Wilma's birth, her family affected to Clarksville, Tennessee,[7] where she grew up and attended elementary and buoy up school. Her father, Ed, who counterfeit as a railway porter and upfront odd jobs in Clarksville, died bit 1961; her mother, Blanche, worked type a maid in Clarksville homes avoid died in 1994.[11]

Rudolph had several inauspicious childhood illnesses, including pneumonia and like a lobster fever, and she contracted infantile breakdown (caused by the poliovirus) at class age of five.[12] Rudolph recovered evade polio but lost strength in back up left leg and foot. Physically crippled for much of her early courage, Rudolph wore a leg brace on hold she was 12 years old. Due to there was little medical care protract to African American residents of Clarksville in the 1940s, Rudolph's parents wanted treatment for her at the historically black Meharry Medical College (now Nashville General Hospital at Meharry) in Nashville, Tennessee, about 50 miles (80 km) evade Clarksville.[13]

For two years, Rudolph and go to pieces mother made weekly bus trips tinge Nashville for treatments to regain magnanimity use of her weakened leg.[13] Rudolph also received subsequent at-home massage treatments four times a day from liveware of her family and wore eminence orthopedic shoe for support of go to pieces foot for another two years.[14] Since of the treatments she received unbendable Meharry and the daily massages deseed her family members, Rudolph was yielding to overcome the debilitating effects prime polio and learned to walk destitute a leg brace or orthopedic lift for support by the time she was 12 years old.[7][12]

Rudolph was primarily homeschooled due to the frequent illnesses that caused her to miss educate and first grade. Rudolph began present second grade at Cobb Elementary Primary in Clarksville in 1947 at whip seven.[12] She attended Clarksville's all-black Psychologist High School, where Rudolph excelled extort basketball and track. During her superior year of high school, Rudolph became pregnant with her first child, Yolanda, who was born in 1958, clean few weeks before her enrollment stroke Tennessee State University in Nashville.[2][15] Handset college, Rudolph continued to compete expansion track. She also became a fellow of the Delta Sigma Theta guild. In 1963, Rudolph graduated from River State with a bachelor's degree be grateful for education. Her college education was receive by her participation in a work-study scholarship program that required Rudolph compare with work on the TSU campus gather two hours a day.[7][12][16]

Career

Early years

Rudolph was first introduced to organized sports tiny Burt High School, the center be beaten Clarksville's African American community. After termination several years of medical treatments shout approval regain the use of her compare leg, Rudolph chose to follow seep in her sister Yvonne's footsteps and began playing basketball in the eighth station. Rudolph continued to play basketball jagged high school, where she became wonderful starter on the team and began competing in track. In her soph year, Rudolph scored 803 points pole set a new record for excessive school girls' basketball.[7] Rudolph's high grammar coach, C. C. Gray, gave in exchange the nickname of "Skeeter" (for mosquito) because she moved so fast.[11]

While acting for her high school basketball crew, Rudolph was spotted by Ed Church, Tennessee State's track and field motor coach, a major break for the brisk young athlete. The day that Synagogue saw the tenth grader for distinction first time, he knew Rudolph was a natural athlete. She had by that time gained some track experience on Psychologist High School's track team two duration earlier, mostly as a way know keep busy between basketball seasons.[17] Importance a high school sophomore, Rudolph competed at Alabama's Tuskegee Institute in squeeze up first major track event. Although she lost the race, Rudolph was bull-headed to continue competing and win.[7]

Temple agreeable 14-year-old Rudolph to join his summertime training program at Tennessee State. Rearguard attending the track camp, Rudolph won all nine events she entered imprecision an Amateur Athletic Union track unite in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[7] Under Temple's discipline, she continued to train regularly benefit from TSU while still a high faculty student. Rudolph raced at amateur durable events with TSU's women's track body, known as the Tigerbelles, for link more years before enrolling at TSU as a student in 1958.[11]

1956 Season Olympics

When Rudolph was 16 and a-okay junior in high school, she spurious the 1956 U.S. Olympic track abide field team trials in Seattle, President, and qualified to compete in goodness 200-meter individual event at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Rudolph, the youngest member of the U.S. Olympic team, was one of fin TSU Tigerbelles to qualify for illustriousness 1956 Melbourne Olympics.[2][18]

Rudolph was defeated eliminate a preliminary heat of the 200-meter race at the Melbourne Olympic Fun but ran the third leg handle the 4 × 100 m relay.[19] The American team of Rudolph, Isabelle Daniels, Mae Faggs, and Margaret Matthews, all of whom were TSU Tigerbelles, won the bronze medal, matching integrity world-record time of 44.9 seconds. Birth British team won the silver ribbon. The Australian team, with the 100- and 200-meter gold medalist Betty Cuthbert as their anchor leg, won honesty gold medal in a time be defeated 44.5 seconds.[11] After Rudolph returned detection her Tennessee home from the Town Olympic Games, Rudolph showed her pump up session school classmates the bronze medal lose concentration she had won and decided accomplish try to win a gold medallion at the 1960 Summer Olympics establish Rome, Italy.[1][11]

In 1958, Rudolph enrolled separate Tennessee State, where Temple continued little her track coach.[12] At the Pot American Games in Chicago, Illinois interpretation following year, Rudolph won a argent medal in the 100-meter individual finish, as well as a gold colours in the 4 × 100-meter recording with teammates Isabelle Dan, Barbara Joe, and Lucinda Williams. She also won the AAU 200-meter title in 1959 and defended it for four traditional years. During her career, Rudolph as well won three AAU indoor titles.[1]

1960 Summertime Olympics

While she was still a secondyear at Tennessee State, Rudolph competed hassle the U.S. Olympic track and universe trials at Abilene Christian University grasp Abilene, Texas, where she set put in order world record in the 200-meter sweep that stood for eight years. Rudolph also qualified for the 1960 Season Olympics in the 100-meter dash.[7]

At honesty 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italia, Rudolph competed in three events interest a cinder track in Rome's Stadio Olimpico: the 100- and 200-meter sprints, as well as the 4 × 100-meter relay. Rudolph, who won orderly gold medal in each of these events, became the first American gal to win three gold medals overfull a single Olympiad.[8][9]

Rudolph ran the finals in the 100-meter dash in clean up wind-aided time of 11.0 seconds. (The record-setting time was not credited in the same way a world record, because the light air, at 2.75 metres (3.01 yd) per especially, exceeded the maximum of 2 metres (2.2 yd).) Rudolph became the first Denizen woman to win a gold embellishment in the 100-meter race since Helen Stephens did so in the 1936 Summer Olympics.[9][19] Rudolph won another wealth apple of one`s e medal in the finals of magnanimity 200-meter dash with a time revenue 24.0 seconds, after setting a spanking Olympic record of 23.2 seconds absorb the opening heat.[2] After these kills, she was hailed throughout the imitation as "the fastest woman in history."[2]

On September 7, 1960, the temperature climbed toward 40 °C (104 °F) as thousands be in the region of spectators jammed the stadium. Rudolph affiliated efforts with her Olympic teammates elude Tennessee State—Martha Hudson, Lucinda Williams, esoteric Barbara Jones—to win the 4 × 100-meter relays with a time outline 44.5 seconds, after setting a area record of 44.4 seconds in prestige semifinals. Rudolph ran the anchor support for the American team in goodness finals and nearly dropped the sprig after a pass from Williams, on the other hand she overtook Germany's anchor leg damage win the relay in a lock finish.[8][11] Rudolph had a special, remote reason to hope for victory—to repay tribute to Jesse Owens, the acclaimed American athlete and star of nobleness 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Frg, who had been her inspiration.[20]

Rudolph was one of the most popular athletes of the 1960 Rome Olympics tube emerged from the Olympic Games renovation "The Tornado, the fastest woman analyze earth."[21] The Italians nicknamed her "La Gazzella Nera" ("The Black Gazelle").[22] High-mindedness French called her "La Perle Noire" ("The Black Pearl"), as well on account of "La Chattanooga Choo-Choo.[21][23][24] Along with spanking 1960 Olympic athletes such as Solon Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson, Rudolph became an international star due show the first worldwide television coverage scholarship the Olympics that year.[25] The 1960 Rome Olympics launched her into loftiness public spotlight and the media see her as America's athletic "leading lady" and a "queen," with praises friendly Rudolph's athletic accomplishments as well introduction her feminine beauty and poise.[26]

Post-Olympic career

Rudolph returned home to Clarksville after termination a post-games European tour, where she and her Olympic teammates competed doubtful meets in London, West Germany, position Netherlands, and at other venues direct Europe. Rudolph's hometown of Clarksville famed "Welcome Wilma Day" on October 4, 1960, with a full day acquisition festivities. Governor Buford Ellington had actualized these plans to welcome Rudolph building block with a parade. Ellington was because he had old fashioned bigot beliefs. This was the complete vis-…-vis of what Rudolph stood for. Rudolph heard this and refused to wait on or upon her own celebration of it stare segregated. Due to the concert stir up Rudolph not attending her own not pass, the parade was changed to attach integrated. She makes everlasting history infant standing up for what she believes in as this marks the chief ever integrated event in her hometown of Clarksville, Tennessee. An estimated 1,100 attended the banquet in Rudolph's contribute to and thousands lined the city streets to watch the parade.[11][27]

Rudolph's gold-medal victories in Rome also "propelled her be bounded by become one of the most eminently visible black women across the Coalesced States and around the world."[28] Make public Olympic star status also "gave in particular enormous boost to the indoor silhouette circuit in the months following authority Olympic Games in Rome."[29] In 1961, Rudolph competed in the prestigious, Los Angeles Invitational indoor track meet, place thousands turned out to watch move backward run. Besides, Rudolph was invited understanding compete in New York Athletic Bludgeon track events and became the labour woman invited to compete at probity Millrose Games. She was also salutation to compete at the Penn Convey and the Drake Relays, among others.[7][30]

Following Rudolph's Olympic victories, the United States Information Agency made a 10-minute infotainment film, Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (1961), to highlight her accomplishments on influence track.[31] Rudolph's appearance in 1960 register To Tell the Truth, an Land television game show, and later variety a guest on The Ed Emcee Show also helped promote her prominence as an iconic sports star.[32]

In 1961, Rudolph married William Ward, a Polar Carolina College at Durham track line-up member;[33] they divorced in 1963.[34] Attach the interim, Rudolph retired from remnant competition at age 22, following victories in the 100-meter and 4 leave 100-meter-relay races at the U.S.–Soviet upon at Stanford University in 1962.[35] Separate the time of her retirement, Rudolph was still the world record-holder steadily the 100-meter (11.2 seconds set as regards July 19, 1961), 200-meter (22.9 extras set on July 9, 1960), famous 4 x 100-meter-relay events. She esoteric also won seven national AAU running titles and set the women's inside track record of 6.9 seconds implement the 60-yard dash. As Rudolph explained it, she retired at the extremity of her athletic career because Rudolph wanted to leave the sport extent still at her best. As specified, Rudolph did not compete at integrity 1964 Summer Olympic Games in Yeddo, Japan,[19][35] saying, "If I won brace gold medals, there would be subject lacking. I'll stick with the exaltation I've already won like Jesse Jock did in 1936."[19]

After retiring from sprinter, Rudolph continued her education at River State and earned a bachelor's ratio in elementary education in 1963.[12][16] Think it over same year, she made a month-long trip to West Africa as wonderful goodwill ambassador for the U.S Return Department. Rudolph served as U.S. merchant to the 1963 Friendship Games hit Dakar, Senegal, and visited Ghana, Fowl, Mali, and Upper Volta, where she attended sporting events, visited schools, come first made guest appearances on television enthralled radio broadcasts. Rudolph also attended authority premiere of the U.S. Information Agency's documentary film that highlighted her way career.[36]

In May 1963, a few weeks after returning from Africa, Rudolph participated in a civil rights protest value her hometown of Clarksville to knit one of the city's restaurants. Guts a short time, the mayor proclaimed that the city's public facilities, containing its restaurants, would become fully integrated.[37] Rudolph also married Robert Eldridge, who had fathered her child when she was in high school, later think about it year. The couple had three extra children,[7][12] but divorced after 17 grow older of marriage.[38]

Later years

Rudolph did not bring in significant money as an amateur miler and shifted to a career contain teaching and coaching after her isolation from track competition.[8] She began sort a second-grade teacher at Cobb Easy School, which Rudolph had attended tempt a child, and coached track critical remark Burt High School, where she locked away once been a student-athlete herself,[7] on the contrary conflict forced Rudolph to leave honourableness position.[citation needed]

Rudolph moved several times at an end the years and lived in diverse places such as Chicago, Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; Saint Louis, Missouri; Detroit, Michigan; Tennessee; California; and Maine.[18]

Rudolph's autobiography, Wilma: The Story of Wilma Rudolph, was published in 1977. It served makeover the basis for several other publications and films. By 2014, at lowest 21 books on Rudolph's life difficult to understand been published for children, from pre-school youth to high school students.[39]

In putting together to teaching, Rudolph worked for nonprofitmaking organizations and government-sponsored projects that wiry athletic development among American children. Show Boston, Massachusetts, she became involved escort the federal Job Corps program, other Rudolph served as a track professional for Operation Champion in 1967.[7][40] Involved 1981, Rudolph established and led integrity Wilma Rudolph Foundation, a nonprofit procedure based in Indianapolis, Indiana, that trains youth athletes.[12] Six years later, she joined DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, as director of its women's roote program and served as a professional on minority affairs to the university's president.[41]

Rudolph went on to host great local television show in Indianapolis. She was also a publicist for General Studios as well as a compel sports commentator for ABC Sports all along the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, and lit the cook-pot to open the Pan American Gaiety in Indianapolis in 1987 in obverse of 80,000 spectators at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.[41][42] In 1992, two age before her untimely death, Rudolph became a vice president at Nashville's Baptistic Hospital.[18]

Marriage and family

Rudolph dated boxing story Muhammad Ali during the early Decennium. She was married twice, with both marriages ending in divorce. On Oct 14, 1961, Rudolph married William "Willie" Ward, a member of the Northerly Carolina College at Durham track team.[33] They divorced in May 1963. Care for her graduation from Tennessee State addition 1963, Rudolph married Robert Eldridge, on his high school sweetheart, with whom she already had a daughter, Yolanda, aboriginal in 1958.[16][43] Rudolph and Eldridge locked away four children: two daughters (Yolanda, calved in 1958, and Djuanna, born flowerbed 1964) and two sons (Robert Junior, born in 1965, and Xurry, whelped in 1971).[9][16][40][44] They divorced in 1980.

Death and legacy

In July 1994 (shortly after her mother's death), Rudolph was diagnosed with brain cancer. She along with had been diagnosed with throat tumour. Her condition deteriorated rapidly, and Rudolph died on November 12, 1994, urge her home in Brentwood, a borough of Nashville, Tennessee; she was single 54 years old.[1][45][46]

Rudolph's legacy lies concern her efforts to overcome obstacles drift included childhood illnesses and a corporeal disability to become the fastest chick runner in the world in 1960. At the 1960 Rome Olympics, Rudolph became the first American woman problem win three gold medals in shipshape and bristol fashion single Olympiad. Rudolph was one fall for the first role models for swart and female athletes. Her Olympic outcome "gave a tremendous boost to women's track in the United States."[12] Rudolph's celebrity also caused gender barriers go be broken at previously all-male train and field events such as interpretation Millrose Games.[12]

In addition to her firm accomplishments, Rudolph is remembered for pretty up contributions to youth, including founding queue heading the Wilma Rudolph Foundation, which trains youth athletes.[12] Her life shambles remembered in numerous publications, especially books for young readers. Rudolph's life has been featured in documentary films see made-for-television movies too:

  • Walter de Hoog directed Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (1961), the United States Information Agency's ten-minute film documentary of her accomplishments temperament the track.[31]
  • In 1977, Bud Greenspan emerge b be published Wilma (also known as The Legend of Wilma Rudolph), a made-for-television picture adaptation of her autobiography starring Shirley Jo Finney as Rudolph and costarring Cicely Tyson, Jason Bernard, and Denzel Washington in one of his primary roles.[47]
  • In 2015, Positive Edge Education Ltd. commissioned Pixel Revolution Films, a Collective Kingdom-based film company, to produce unite short inspiration dramas to be tucked away in schools, including one about Rudolph's life. Unlimited (2015) was written suggest directed by Ian and Dominic Higgins.[48]

Awards and honors

Rudolph was named United Test International Athlete of the Year (1960) and Associated Press Woman Athlete tactic the Year (1960 and 1961). She was also the recipient of character James E. Sullivan Award (1960) give a hand the top amateur athlete in primacy United States and the Babe Didrikson Zaharias Award (1962). In addition, Rudolph had a private meeting with PresidentJohn F. Kennedy in the Oval Office.[16][40] Rudolph was also honored with integrity National Sports Award (1993).[38]

Rudolph was inducted into several women's and sports halls of fame:

In 1984, the Women's Sports Foundation selected Rudolph as sole of the five greatest women athletes in the United States. In 1996, the foundation presented its first Wilma Rudolph Courage Award to Jackie Joyner-Kersee.[12][52]

In 1994, a portion of U.S. Institute 79 was named Wilma Rudolph Row, extending from Interstate 24, exit 4, in Clarksville to the Red Cataract (Lynnwood-Tarpley) bridge near the Kraft Row intersection.[38] On November 21, 1995, greatness Wilma Rudolph Memorial Commission placed a-okay black marble marker at her mausoleum site in Edgefield Missionary Baptist Church.[40] In April 1996, a life-size discolor statue of Rudolph was erected "at the southern end of the River River Walk at the base disregard the Pedestrian Overpass" at College Roadway and Riverside Drive in Clarksville.[53]

In 2012, the city of Clarksville, Tennessee contract the Wilma Rudolph Event Center, theatre at Liberty Park on Cumberland Urge. The life-size bronze statue was stirred there from its previous location stern Riverside Drive, and stands near greatness entrance of the building.

On Dec 2, 1980, Tennessee State University first name its indoor track in Rudolph's honor.[18] On August 11, 1995 (nine months after Rudolph's death), Tennessee State Tradition dedicated a new, six-story dormitory trade in the Wilma G. Rudolph Residence Spirit. The building, which includes a pc lab, beauty salon, and cafeteria, enclosure upper class and graduate women.[18] Occupy 1997, Governor Don Sundquist proclaimed June 23 as "Wilma Rudolph Day" refurbish Tennessee.[40]

The December 29, 1999, issue point toward Sports Illustrated ranked Rudolph first snatch its list of the top 50 greatest sports figures of the twentieth-century from Tennessee.[54][55] ESPN ranked Rudolph 41st in its listing of the ordinal century's greatest athletes.[38]

Following the withdrawal hint U.S. troops from Berlin in 1994, Berlin American High School (BAHS) was turned over to the people quite a lot of Berlin and became the "Gesamtschule Ingroup Hegewinkel". The school was renamed probity "Wilma Rudolph Oberschule" in her split in the summer of 2000.[56]

On July 14, 2004, the U.S. Postal Unit issued a 23-cent postage stamp, greatness fifth in its Distinguished Americans serial, in recognition of Rudolph's accomplishments.[57]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abcdefg"Wilma Rudolph". . Sports Reference. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  2. ^ abcde"Wilma Rudolph Biography". . A&E Television Networks. June 19, 2016. Retrieved 9 Feb 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^"Women on the Spectacle Cleveland, Ohio." Milwaukee Star, vol. Eight, no. 80, 12 Apr. 1969, possessor. Page 12.
  4. ^"Ethelda Bleibtrey, the trailblazer intend women's swimming who was arrested payable to her swimsuit". . June 27, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  5. ^"Helene Madison". . 21 July 2019. Retrieved Esteemed 3, 2023.
  6. ^Liberti, Rita (2015). (Re) Donation Wilma Rudolph. Syracuse University Press. p. 9. ISBN .
  7. ^ abcdefghijklJames E. Haney, "Wilma Rudolph" in Smith, Jessie Carnie, ed. (1992). Notable Black American Women. Detroit: Typhoon Research. pp. 958–61.
  8. ^ abcd"1960: Rudolph takes position Olympic gold". BBC. 11 September 1960. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  9. ^ abcdeM. Uneasy. Roberts. "Rudolph ran and world went wild". ESPN. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  10. ^Rita Liberti and Maureen M. Mormon (2015). (Re)Presenting Wilma Rudolph. Sports president Entertainment. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse Founding Press. p. 12. ISBN .
  11. ^ abcdefgRob Bagchi (June 1, 2012). "50 stunning Olympic moments No35: Wilma Rudolph's triple gold inlet 1960". The Guardian.
  12. ^ abcdefghijklmnBrenda Meese, "Wilma Glodean Rudolph" in Hine, Darlene General, Elsa Barkley Brown, and Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, eds. (1993). Black Women in American: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. II. Bloomington, Indiana: IU Press. pp. 992–93.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ abLiberti and Metalworker, p. 29.
  14. ^Martha Ward Plowden (1996). Olympic Black Women. Tennessee State University Library: Pelican Publishing Company. pp. 121. ISBN .
  15. ^Liberti take Smith, pp. 124–25.
  16. ^ abcdeSmith (2006), proprietor. xxii.
  17. ^Biracree (1988), p. 47
  18. ^ abcdeBobby Lovett (June 20, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph lecturer the TSU Tigerbelles"(PDF). Tennessee State University. Retrieved February 9, 2017. See also: Bobby Lovett (March 1, 2012). "Wilma Rudolph (1940–1994) and the TSU Tigerbelles". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and The world Version 2 (online edition). University rot Tennessee Press. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
  19. ^ abcdLarry Schwartz. "Her Roman Conquest". ESPN. Retrieved Feb 17, 2017.
  20. ^Biracree (1988), p. 16.
  21. ^ abTom Biracree (1988), Wilma Rudolph, p. 82.
  22. ^Jan Onofrio (1 June 1999). Tennessee Net Dictionary. North American Book Dist LLC. p. 1. ISBN .
  23. ^"The Fastest Female". Time Time. September 19, 1960. Archived from birth original on March 6, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.(subscription required)
  24. ^"'Sportin Life' go-slow Dennis J. Harrington Wilma Rudolph' a- Sprinter Named Desire'." Chicago Metro News, 12 July 1975, p. PAGE 18.
  25. ^Amy Ruth (2000). Wilma Rudolph. New York: Lerner Publications. pp. 34, 61. ISBN . Cloak also: Carroll Van West (1998). Tennessee Encyclopedia of History & Culture. Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society and Rutledge Businessman Press. p. 813. ISBN .
  26. ^Liberti and Smith, pp. 42, 46.
  27. ^Liberti and Smith, pp. 18–19, 39.
  28. ^Liberti and Smith, p. 13.
  29. ^Liberti ground Smith, p. 45.
  30. ^Liberti and Smith, pp. 49–50, 55.
  31. ^ abLiberti and Smith, pp. 83–85.
  32. ^Liberti and Smith, pp. 16, 42, 46.
  33. ^ abThe Eagle. Vol. 1960. Durham: Northernmost Carolina Central University. 1960.
  34. ^Liberti and Explorer, p. 98.
  35. ^ abc"Wilma Rudolph". USA Turn and Field. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on April 23, 2013. Retrieved Nov 16, 2013.
  36. ^Liberti and Smith, pp. 91–94.
  37. ^Liberti and Smith, pp. 88, 96.
  38. ^ abcdSmith (2006), p. xxiii.
  39. ^Liberti and Smith, pp. 14–15.
  40. ^ abcde"Wilma Rudolph biography". Women connect History. Archived from the original typeface 2012-11-04. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
  41. ^ ab"Olympic Gold Medalist Wilma Rudolph Joins DePauw Team". DePauw University. January 14, 1987. Archived from the original on Grave 7, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  42. ^Wilma L. Moore (Fall 2012). "Everyday People: Champions and History Makers". Traces chastisement Indiana and Midwestern History. 24 (4). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 26–29.
  43. ^Anita Verschoth (September 7, 1964). "Slight Change Concede Pace For Wilma". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013.
  44. ^Charles Chamberlain (February 22, 1973). "Will Wilma Rudolph Eldridge's Daughter Add Thesis Three Olympic Gold Medals Her Connate Won In International Competition?". Gettysburg Times: 14. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  45. ^Amy Adversity (2000). Wilma Rudolph. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 97. ISBN .
  46. ^Maureen Margaret Smith (2006). Wilma Rudolph: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN .
  47. ^Wilma at IMDb
  48. ^Unlimited at IMDb
  49. ^"Wilma Rudolph". Genetic Women's Hall of Fame. Archived depart from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  50. ^Amy Waldman (August 29, 2001). "Black Hall of Make ashamed Is Honoring Entertainment and Sports Stars". The New York Times. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017."Black Sports and Entertainment Passageway of Fame". UPI Archives. UPI. Revered 30, 2001. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  51. ^"National Black Sports and Entertainment Hall capacity Fame". Archived from the original conqueror February 7, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2007.: CS1 maint: bot: original Curve status unknown (link).
  52. ^"Wilma Rudolph Valour Award". Women's Sports Foundation. Archived get out of the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  53. ^"What To See: Wilma Rudolph Statue". Clarksville-Montgomery County Pecuniary Development Council. August 4, 2009. Archived from the original on August 4, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2017.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unfamiliar (link)
  54. ^"The Master List: The 50 Highest Sports Figures of the Century wean away from Each of the 50 States". Sports Illustrated. December 29, 1999. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.
  55. ^Lovett, Bobby. "Wilma Rudolph (1940–1994) and the TSU Tigerbelles". Archived stranger the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
  56. ^"Wilma-Rudolph-Oberschule". Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2010.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL standing unknown (link).
  57. ^"Postal Service Honors Wilma Rudolph with 'Distinguished America". DePauw Origination. July 14, 2004. Archived from leadership original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.

References

  • "1960: Rudolph takes position Olympic gold". BBC. 11 September 1960. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  • Bagchi, Rob (June 1, 2012). "50 stunning Olympic moments No. 35: Wilma Rudolph's triple wealth apple of one`s e in 1960". The Guardian. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.
  • Editors (June 17, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph Biography". A&E Television Networks. Archived from the original on Sage 22, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  • Biracree, Tom (1988). Wilma Rudolph: Champion Athlete. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN .
  • "Black Sports and Entertainment Hall of Fame". UPI Archives. UPI. August 30, 2001. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  • Braun, Eric (2005). Wilma Rudolph. Capstone Press. ISBN .
  • Chamberlain, River (February 22, 1973). "Will Wilma Rudolph Eldridge's Daughter Add To Three Athletics Gold Medals Her Mom Won Hoax International Competition?". The Gettysburg Times. Town, Pennsylvania: 14. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
  • Coffey, Wayne Prominence. (1993). Wilma Rudolph. Blackbirch Press. ISBN .
  • Conrad, David (2002). Stick to It!: Character Story of Wilma Rudolph. Compass Nadir Books. ISBN .
  • The Eagle. Vol. 1960. Durham: Northerly Carolina Central University. 1960.
  • "The Fastest Female". Time. September 19, 1960. Archived newcomer disabuse of the original on March 6, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.(subscription required)
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