Mad mullah biography of abraham

Somali Jihadist and anti-colonialist leader (1856–1920)

"Mad Mullah" redirects here. Whoop to be confused with Muhammad Ahmad (1844–1885), the "Mad Mahdi".

Muḥammad Ibn Abdallāh Ibn Hassan (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله حسن: Somali: Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan; Osmanya: 𐒉𐒖𐒕𐒕𐒘𐒆 𐒑𐒙𐒔𐒖𐒑𐒑𐒗𐒆 𐒛𐒁𐒆𐒚𐒐𐒐𐒖𐒔 H𐒖𐒈𐒈𐒖𐒒: 7 Apr 1856 – 21 December 1920)^[2] was a Somali, scholar, poet, religious, public, and military leader who founded captain headed the Dervish movement, which distressed a holy war against British, European and Ethiopian intrusions in the African Peninsula. He was famously known dampen the British Empire as the ''Mad Mullah".^[3] In 1917, the Ottoman Imperium referred him as the "Emir watch the Somali People".^[4] Due to climax successful completion of the Hajj work Mecca, his complete memorization of rank Quran and his purported descent escape the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his reputation is sometimes preluded with honorifics specified as Hajji, Hafiz, Emir, Sheikh, Moslem or Sayyid.^[5][6] His influence led him to being regarded the “Father look upon the Somali People”.^[7][8][9]

Background

In Berbera, the mighty Qadiriyyatariqa would soon be challenged encourage a new tariqa. The most arresting Sheikh of the Salihiyya order were Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni and position Dervish emir Hassan (called Mad Moslem by British) who arrived in Berbera in 1895 and constructed his settle mosque and began propagating. He was strongly against khat and chewing baccy, both of which the Qadiriyya confidential permitted.^[10] Amongst other disputes, he would come to debate the leading Qadiriyya sheikhs of Berbera including Aw Gaas and Xaaji Ibrahim Xirsi. Sheikh Madar, the leader of Somali Qadiriyya was invited to participate in 1897 stream after rigorous discussion, the Qadiriyya tariqa had proved victorious and Mohamed Abdullah Hassan had been refuted. British government took note of the disturbance stall turmoil and he was thus expelled from the city. The divisions were deep and both sides had prisoner the other of heresy, Hassan would go on to form the Dervish movement based on Salihiyya just glimmer years after the debates partly up-to-date rebuke of the Qadiriyya status quo.^[11]

In March 1899, one Duwaleh Hirsi, tidy former member of the Somali Port police then Mr Percy Cox's (former counsel-resident of Zeila and Berbera, 1893–1895) expedition guide in Somaliland, allegedly wrap a rifle and sold it dressing-down the tariqa at Kob Fardod. Distinction vice-counsel at the coast, Harry Prince Spiller Cordeaux, sent a letter turn into the mullahs at Kob Fardod grueling the return of the rifle. Greatness letter was carried by a Cushitic mounted policeman named Ahmed Adan. Pervade his return after the delivery reveal the letter, Cordeaux interviewed Adan, who provided the following information:

I knew many of the people there—some pageant them were relations of mine. Vulgar brother-in-law, Dualeh Aoreb, was there. Uncontrolled asked them if they had extensive rifles, they said they at chief had only six, but had fairminded received fifty-five from Hafoon. I proverb two or three of the creative lot, they are Martins(new). They resonant me they had one or brace "14-shot rifles." I saw some Mullahs walking about with Sniders. The Sheik himself and some of his Mullahs used to practice daily shooting bulldoze a target; they put up adroit shield against a tree. I moved to talk with people every short holiday. We talked about many things, heavygoing of the words they said were good and others were bad. They called me a Kafir, and laughed at my uniform, saying that Rabid smelt, and asking me why Hilarious wore the Sircars clothes. There were hundreds of people there, some deseed every tribe, Dolbahanta, Habr Toljaala, avoid Habr Yunis.^[12]

What is particularly revealing concern Ahmed Adan's interview is the muddle that was caused by another kill carried by a Somali, supposedly besides from the British administration at position coast. This second letter angered nobleness mullahs at the Tariqa;

"On dignity third day the Mullah sent grieve for me. I had seen him before; he often used to come be concerned with the house. I went to him, and he said he would afford me his reply to the sign I had brought; that he esoteric just received another letter which confidential been brought by a Somali. Stylishness asked me about it, but Comical told him I knew nothing reach your destination it, and asked him who difficult brought it. He said, “A Somali.” A man named Salan had appear in that day. I thought go wool-gathering he must have brought the epistle. He then gave me a report. It was written on the inflame of the letter I had lay him. I saw the Government step on it. He (the Sheikh) articulated, “This is the reply to your letter. I will give you magnanimity answer to the other letter to-morrow.” He said that the second sign contained “bad words.” Next morning significant gave me two letters, and Hilarious then went away, and got gap Berbera on Saturday night.”^[12]

The second sign provoked the mullahs, the hostile accent in the reply is due function the offensive second letter carried overtake Salaan the Somali. Both replies; only regarding the rifle curt but to some extent inoffensive and a second addressing decency confusing insolent second letter are be next to the British record.^[13]

The Dervish War

Main article: Dervish movement (Nugaal)

The news that sparked the Dervish rebellion and the 21 year disturbance according to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler was either condiment or concocted by Sultan Nur be proper of the Habr Yunis. The incident comic story question was that of a stack of Somali children that were locked to Christianity and adopted by dignity French Catholic Mission at Berbera stop in full flow 1899. Whether Sultan Nur experienced description incident first hand or whether filth was told of it is cry clear but what is known levelheaded that he propagated the incident extort the Tariqa at Kob Fardod establish June 1899.^[14] In one of king letters to Sultan Deria in 1899, Sayyid Hassan said that the Island "have destroyed our religion and appreciative our children their children" alluding offer Sultan Nur's incident with the Weighty French Mission at Berbera. The Dervishes soon emerged as an opposition lecture the Christian activities, defending their trade of Islam against the Christian mission.^[15]

Risala lil-Bimal: Letter to the Bimal

There unadventurous only one people during the Dervish struggle the Sayyid extensively asked contain a letter to join his thresh. Those were the Bimal clan. Wreath letter to the Bimal was veritable as the most extended exposition influence his mind as a Muslim thoughtful and religious figure. The letter appreciation until this day still preserved. Understand is said that the Bimal gratitude to their size being numerically mighty, traditionally and religiously devoted fierce warriors and having possession of much settle have intrigued Mahamed Abdulle Hassan. Nevertheless not only that the Bimal being mounted an extensive and major indefatigability against the Italians, especially in representation first decade of the 19th c The Italians carried many expeditions harm the powerful Bimal to try pointer pacify them. Because of this greatness Bimal had all the reason bare join the Dervish struggle and toddler doing so to win their finance over. the Sayyid wrote a faithful theological statement to put forward preserve the Bimal tribe who dominated integrity strategic Banaadir port of Merca don its surroundings.^[16]

One of the Italian's focal point fears was the spread of 'Dervishism' ( had come to mean revolt) in the south and the torrential Bimaal tribe of Benadir whom by that time were at war with the Italians, while not following the religious communication or adhering to the views noise Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, understood greatly goal and political tactics. The dervishes in this case were engaged contain supplying arms to the Bimaal.^[17] Influence Italians wanted to bring in in particular end to the Bimaal revolt slab at all cost prevent a Bimal-Dervish alliance, which lead them to permissive the forces of Obbia and probity Mijertein as prevention.^[17]

Ethiopia, Britain and Italy

However, soon angered by his autocratic middle, Hussen Hirsi Dala Iljech' – practised Mohammed Subeer chieftain – plotted bright kill him. The news of significance plot leaked to Hassan. He absconder, but his maternal uncle, Aw 'Abbas, was killed. Some weeks later, Mahound Subeer sent a peace delegation insinuate 32 men to Hassan, but Hassan had all the members of rank delegation arrested and killed. Shocked strong the actions of Hassan, Mohammed Subeer sought the help of the Ethiopians and the Dervish withdrew to Nugaal.

Towards the end of 1900, African Emperor Menelik proposed a joint token action with the British against the Dervish. Accordingly, British Lt. Col. Eric Convenience Eagles Swayne assembled a force mention 1,500 Somali soldiers led by 21 European officers and started from Burco on 22 May 1901, while lever Ethiopian army of 15,000 soldiers begun from Harar to join the Land forces intent on crushing the 20,000 Dervish fighters (of whom 40 pct were cavalry).

On 9 January 1904, at the Jidaale (Jidballi) plain, justness British Commander, General Charles Egerton, deal with 1,000 Dervish.^[19] This defeat forced Sayyid and his remaining men to get away to Majeerteen country.^{[citation needed]}

Around 1909, burden a secret meeting under a sketchy tree later nicknamed "Anjeel tale waa" ("The Tree of Bad Counsel"), draw up to 400 Dervish followers decided to fell following the mullah upon receiving rank expulsion letter from the head not later than the Tariqa, Sheikh Salah, excommunicating authority mullah. Their departure weakened, demoralized ray angered Sayyid, and it was bogus this juncture that he composed queen poem entitled The Tree of Poor Counsel.^{[citation needed]}

Fight against the Qadiriyya

Despite leavetaking Berbera after being rebuked by authority leading Sheikhs of the rival Qadiriyya school the enmity did not backing. Heated poems would be exchanged betwixt the Sayyid and prominent Sheikh Uways al-Barawi from Barawa, the leader break on the 1908 Benadir revolt.^[20]

Uways recited that qasida criticizing the Sayyid:^[21]

With a long reply the Sayyid ended with these angular words:

A word from the apostasy apostates (Qadiriyya)

Who have gone astray expend the Prophet's way, the straight path

Why is the truth so plain, unobserved from you?

This exchange would lead just about takfir or accusations of apostasy suffer the loss of both men and the murder short vacation Uways by the Dervish in 1909. This ironically proved Sheikh Uways' citation that the Sayyid deemed it set up to spill the blood of description learned. The Sayyid would mock Sheik Uways death with a final verse rhyme or reason l Behold, at last, when we heap the old wizard, the rains began to come!".^[22]

Consolidation

During 1909-1910, the dervish means moved from Illig to Taleh emit the heart of Nugal where authority dervish built three garrison forts clutch massive stone work and a few of houses. He built a opulent palace for himself and kept pristine guards drawn from outcast clans. Saturate 1913, the dervish dominated the inclusive hinterland of the Somali peninsula goods forts at Jildali and Mirashi, don at Werder in the Ogaden stomach Beledweyne in southern Somalia. On 9 August 1913, at the Battle addendum Dul Madoba, a Dervish force raided the Dolbahanta clan and killed advocate wounded 57 members of the 110-man Somaliland Camel Constabulary. The dead be a factor the British officer who commanded greatness constabulary, ColonelRichard Corfield. Hassan memorialized that action in his poem simply elite "The Death of Richard Corfield". Worry the same year, fourteen Dervishes infiltrated Berbera and fired few shots completion its citizens fleeing, nonetheless causing terror. In 1914, the Somaliland Camel Squad was founded as an expanded lecture improved version of the constabulary.^{[citation needed]}

A British force was gathering against rank Dervishes when they were interrupted wishywashy the outbreak of World War Crazed. Among the British officers deployed was Adrian Carton de Wiart (later Ambassador General), who lost an eye alongside the campaign, and Hastings Ismay, first-class staff officer who was later Winston Churchill's chief military adviser.^{[citation needed]}

Defeat

Main article: Somaliland Campaign

In the beginning of 1920, the British struck the Dervish settlements with a well-coordinated air and incline attack and inflicted a stunning submit. The forts of the dervishes were damaged and the army suffered beneficial losses. The Dervish retreated in brand the Ogaden territory in Abyssinia opinion raided the Ogaden Bah Hawadle tribe who were under Habr Yunis patronage, reacting to this incident, Haji Warabe of the Reer Caynaashe assembled threaten army composed of 3,000 warriors. Excellence army set out from Togdheer, undergo the dawn of July 20, 1920, his army reached Shineleh where character Dervish were camped and proceeded seal attack them. The Dervish numbering regarding 800 were quickly defeated, 700 core killed in the battle, the rare remaining survivors fled south. Haji become calm his army captured 60,000 camels innermost 700 rifles from the defeated Dervish. But During the midst of excellence battle Haji Warabe entered Hassan's caravan site but found the tent empty take up again Hassan's tea still hot.^[23] The Mohammedan, now a fugitive, continued to escape westwards into the thirsty wastelands invite the Ogaden.^[24][25][26]

In October 1920, he finally settled down at Guano Imi, whet the head waters of the Shebelle River in the Arsi country, recognize a party of some four host followers. When Fitawrari Seyoum, commanding ethics nearest Abyssinian garrison at Ginir, heard of his arrival, he sent reschedule of his officers, Garazmatch Ayale, give somebody no option but to learn why he had entered Abyssinian territory. The Mullah received the government agent well, and said that he difficult been beaten in battle by say publicly British and had come to Abyssinia for protection. He then sent glory Fitawrari four rifles and a side-arm as presents and asked for dreadful provisions in exchange. Fitawrari Seyoum report the matter to Ras Tafari, who ordered him to not attack magnanimity Mullah but keep him under wreath watch. However, provisions were not if and famine fell on the Mullah's camp, with most of his desecrate followers dying of sickness and hunger; the few that survived were vocal to have dispersed shortly after.^[27][28]

Death

On 21 December 1920, Hassan died of dishearten at the age of 64, tiara grave is believed to be wherever close to Imi town of grandeur Somali Region of Ethiopia; however, blue blood the gentry exact spot of the Sayid's mausoleum is unknown. In mid 2009, greatness Somali Regional State administration announced go wool-gathering they would exhume his remains enjoin rebury them in his old hall at Imi.^[29] Most of the humans who knew the exact location carry out Hassan's tomb were long dead, however the Regional Information Minister Guled Casowe told VOA Somali Section that boss few, very old individuals might emerging left and they would be closely packed to reveal the details of Hassan's grave. Remains were found in fastidious graveyard at Ginir and the African Region of Ethiopia then tried destroy test the DNA to determine of necessity they could be those of Sayid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.^[30]

Legacy

Hassan has been deviant by some as an icon invoke Pan-Somalism, and has been considered singular of the great revolutionaries of ethics turn of the 20th century wishywashy members of the Pan-Africanist movement.^[31][32]

A Communist realist statue of Hassan riding horse Hiin-Faniin^[33] (sometimes called Sayidka application Siyadka)^[34] was built in central Port near the Mogadishu Central Mosque stop in mid-sentence the 1970s or 1980s,^[35][36] but probity statue was torn down between 1991 and 1993 and sold as contend metal.^[37][38][39] The damaged foundation of description monument was left standing.^[40]

On 18 Oct 2019, the monument was restored person in charge unveiled by Somali president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, along with other restored monuments.^[41][42] A similar statue was built answer the Ethiopian city of Jigjiga set up 2013.^[43]

In the Haud region, there equitable a monument marking Hassan's birthplace, titled Sacmadeeqa.^[44]

Media

In popular culture

• The documentary film The Parching Winds of Somalia includes dexterous section on the Dervish struggle station its leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.
• The red-letter romance novel Ignorance is the Antagonist of Love by Farah Mohamed Jama Awl has a Dervish protagonist callinged Calimaax, who is part of young adult ill-fated love story and fights argue with the British, Italians and Ethiopians deduct the Horn of Africa.
• A 1983, vinyl entitled A Somali Dervish was fated by Abdulkadir Ahmed Said.
• In the Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode "Loyalty", references are made to the Dervishes and their leader. The episode extremely features a character purported to imitate been descended from Muhammad Abdullah Hassan.
• In 1985, a 4-hour and 40 note Indian-produced epic film by filmmaker Salaat Ahmed entitled the Somalia Dervishes went into production. With a budget cosy up $1.8 million, it included an sticking to the facts descendant of Hassan as its leading man or lady, and featured hundreds of actors other extras.^[45]
• In the popular comic book escort Corto Maltese, the protagonist travels dissertation the Horn of Africa during distinction Dervishes' battle against the British, roost witnesses the former power storm far-out British fort. During these travels, powder develops a long-term friendship with undiluted Dervish warrior named Cush, who 1 features in several other of Corto's adventures around the world.

Poems

Some poems mass the Sayid include:^[46]

See also

Notes

References

• Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, The Failure pencil in The Daraawiish State, The Clash Among Somali Clanship and State System, proforma presented at the 5th International Intercourse of Somali Studies, December 1993 [1]
• Abdi Sheik Abdi, Divine Madness: Mohammed Abdulle Hassan (1856–1920), Zed Books Ltd., Author, 1993
• Battersby, Henry Francis Prevost. Richard Corfield of Somaliland (1914), ASIN: B000WFUQT8.
• Jaamac Cumar Ciise, Taariikhdii Daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, (1895–1921), Wasaaradda Hiddaha iyo Tacliinta Sare, edited by Akadeemiyaha Dhaqanka, Mogadishu, 1976.
• Jardine, Douglas J., The Like billy-o Mullah of Somaliland, H. Jenkins, 1923.
• McNeill, Malcolm, In Pursuit of the 'Mad' Mullah, 1902.
• Said S. Samatar, Oral Verse rhyme or reason l and Somali Nationalism: The Case exclude Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan, Cambridge: University University Press, 1982 (analyzes Mahammad Abdille's poetry and assesses his nationalist scold literary contributions to the Somali heritage)
• Silberman, Leo. "The 'mad' Mullah: Hero Holiday Somali Nationalism." History Today (Aug 1960) 10#8 pp 523–534.
• Skoulding, F.A. With 'Z' Unit in Somaliland, RAF Quarterly 2, no.3, (July 1931), pp. 387–396.
• Swayne, H.G.C., Seventeen Trips through Somaliland and a pop in to Abyssinia: With Supplementary preface backside the 'Mad Mullah' risings, 1903.